History-Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era

** 1. Life in “The Gilded Age” in the late 1800s/early 1900s **
In 1860 to 1910 the population is cities grew. It was a scary time period for people moving into these cities. Crime and murder was huge. The cities were dirty and very unsanitary. Cities were unsafe.

** 2. Big business vs. organized labor conflict **
Businesses would hire people for less and less money. There were new immigrants that are coming to America to live the American dream but it ended up not working out. Also people would realize how corrupted the United States was once we got there.

** 5. Urban family life **
Life expectancy 46.3 yrs for men 48.3 yrs for women Family size 5.7 kids for laborers 5.2 children for skilled workers

1860-1890: Irish and Germans After 1890: “New immigrants:” Italians, Poles, Greeks, Jews 1892: Ellis Island constructed
1910: Angel Island (California): Asian immigrants 4 out of 5 New Yorkers were born abroad or were children of immigrants Discrimination by native-born Americans Nativism: anti-Catholic organizations, immigration restriction groups

** 7. Housing, water and sewer, fire, crime, and other problems of cities **
Shortage of quality, affordable housing Tenements 4-5 story buildings on 25x100 foot lots (500-800 people?) 2,000-4,000 people per block/700 per acre Bordered industrial districts: noise, odor, smoke, coal dust Lively ethnic communities with ethnic stores, newspapers, theaters, churches, etc. Skyrocketing population; not enough clean drinking water Poor (or no) indoor plumbing Disease (cholera, smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, whooping cough, measles, scarlet fever) 20% infant mortality rate in Chicago in 1900 Filtration and chlorination introduced in late 19th and early 20th century Sewage flowed through open gutters, horse manure piled up on the streets, factories spewed foul smoke into the air; outhouses In Chicago, only 25% had access to a bathroom with running water No dependable trash collection Early 1900s: many cities developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments

** 8. Political corruption **
Political machines: Precinct captains Ward bosses City boss Tammany Hall, NYC: Boss Tweed New immigrants=new voters! Bosses provide food, favors, and JOBS to immigrants Graft and corruption

Reasons for its development- an effort to cure many of the ills of American society that had developed during the great spurt of industrial growth in the last quarter of the 19th century. The frontier had been tamed, great cities and businesses developed, and an overseas empire established, but not all citizens shared in the new wealth, prestige, and optimism. · The desire to remove corruption and undue influence from government through the taming of bosses and political machines. The effort to include more people more directly in the political process. The conviction that government must play a role to solve social problems and establish fairness in economic matters.

** · The types of people involved **

 * Jane Addams- Social activist who founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 to help immigrants improve their lives in the city’s slums. Addams won the Nobel Prize for Peace for her efforts, which raised awareness of the plight of the poor and opened up new opportunities for the advancement of American women.
 * Samuel Gompers- The AFL protected only skilled workers and had a limited membership of a half a million workers around the turn of the century. It fought businesses for higher wages, shorter workdays, and improvements in the work environment.
 * Frances Willard- heading the Women's Christian Temperance Union- provided thousands of Christian women with a perceivably risk less transition into the secular world of women's associations.
 * Margaret Sanger- a nurse, in her work with poor women on the Lower East Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies. Her mother's health had suffered as she bore eleven children. She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing.
 * Carrie Chapman Catt- founder of the League of Women Voters,
 * Ida Tarbell- She was a journalist, she wrote about the standard oil company. Ida brought down one of the greatest standard oil monopoly.
 * W.E.B. DuBois- Founded the NAACP- Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.
 * John Dewey- a philosopher, one of the white people who helped create the NAACP.
 * Alice Paul- was one of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of woman. She helped get the 19th amendment.
 * Florence Kelley- she managed to persuade the state legislature to pass legislation-controlling child labor. Kelley helped establish the radical pressure group, the National Consumer League. NCL- The main objective of the organization was to achieve a minimum wage and a limitation on the working hours of women and children. Kelley, the NCL's first leader, traveled the country giving lectures on working conditions in the United States.
 * Gifford Pinchot- helped find us floral survives. Also make rules and regulations towards the environment.
 * Marry Harris “Mother” Jones- Activist for minors, women, and children. Helped public marches and protest.
 * Ida B. Wells- was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.
 * John Dewey- a philosopher, one of the white people who helped create the NAACP.
 * Alice Paul- was one of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of woman. She helped get the 19th amendment.
 * Florence Kelley- she managed to persuade the state legislature to pass legislation-controlling child labor. Kelley helped establish the radical pressure group, the National Consumer League. NCL- The main objective of the organization was to achieve a minimum wage and a limitation on the working hours of women and children. Kelley, the NCL's first leader, traveled the country giving lectures on working conditions in the United States.
 * Gifford Pinchot- helped find us floral survives. Also make rules and regulations towards the environment.
 * Marry Harris “Mother” Jones- Activist for minors, women, and children. Helped public marches and protest.
 * Ida B. Wells- was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.
 * Gifford Pinchot- helped find us floral survives. Also make rules and regulations towards the environment.
 * Marry Harris “Mother” Jones- Activist for minors, women, and children. Helped public marches and protest.
 * Ida B. Wells- was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.
 * Ida B. Wells- was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.
 * Ida B. Wells- was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.

** · Big issues and solutions **
· Progressives in many states worked to make elections more honest and democratic and the government more accountable to the people. By 1910 all states had moved to a secret ballot. By 1903, child labor eliminated in 30 states. Required school attendance in every state (except Mississippi) by 1916. 10 hour work day for women in several states. Minimum wage laws. Workmen's compensation laws. Worker protection and factory safety laws, pregnancy leaves for new mothers. Worker protection and factory safety laws, pregnancy leaves for new mothers. “Widow’s pensions”. Railroad commissions to regulate shipping rates in many states.

** · Overall impact on American history **
· An increasingly urban and industrialized country looked to preserve nature and open space · The Sierra Club was founded · Summer camps, Boy Scouts, and Girl Scouts all began in this time period · U.S. Forest Service established

It changed government, It added The Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): outlawed unsafe food and drugs and required labels; created the FDA. The Meat Inspection Act (1906): strict sanitary regulations and federal inspectors

** 10. Progressive political reforms in cities and states **
· //Progressives in many states worked to make elections more honest and democratic and the government more accountable to the people.// · By 1910: all states had moved to a secret ballot. · There were also four other important new ideas that were adopted in many states: · Direct primary: a preliminary election at which candidates for public office are chosen by direct vote of the people instead of by delegates at a convention · Initiative: a reparation that is signed by the people · Referendum: the principle or practice of referring measures proposed or passed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.(school elections) · Recall: The right or procedure by which a public official, commonly a legislative or executive official, may be removed from office, before the end of his term of office, by a vote of the people to be taken on the filing of a petition signed by a required number or percentage of qualified voters. · By 1903, child labor eliminated in 30 states · Required school attendance in every state (except Mississippi) by 1916 · 10 hour work day for women in several states · Minimum wage laws · Workmen's compensation laws · Worker protection and factory safety laws, pregnancy leaves for new mothers · “Widow’s pensions” Railroad commissions to regulate shipping rates in many states The Elkins Act ended the practice of railroad companies granting shipping rebates to certain companies. The rebates allowed big companies to ship goods for much lower rates than smaller companies could obtain. However, the railroads and big companies were able to undermine the act. Recognizing that the Elkins Act was not effective, Roosevelt pursued further railroad regulation and undertook one of his greatest domestic reform efforts. The legislation, which became known as the Hepburn Act, The Hepburn Act proposed enhancing the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include the ability to regulate shipping rates on railroads. One of the main sticking points of the bill was what role the courts would play in reviewing the rates. Conservative senators who opposed the legislation, acting on behalf of the railroad industry, tried to use judicial review to make the ICC essentially powerless. By giving the courts, which were considered friendly to the railroads, the right to rule on individual cases, the ICC had less power to remedy the inequities of the rates.

** 11. The three Progressive Era Presidents, key events, and their accomplishments **
· Coal Strike · President Roosevelt invited representatives of the United Mine Workers and coal operators to the White House on October 3, 1902 becoming the first president to personally intervene in a labor dispute. · After meeting with the President the miners still wanted to go on strike. Roosevelt threatened to send military forces to take over and operate the anthracite mines. If this happened, coal operators would lose money, as well as coal miners. Both sides were now willing to try to reach a compromise. · The coal miners achieved a ten percent wage increase and a reduction in the hours of the work day · Sherman Anti-Trust Act- It was authorized the Federal Government to dissolve the trusts. It began with the statement: "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal." And it established penalties for persons convicted of establishing such combinations. TR used the Act extensively in his antitrust campaign, including to divide the Northern Securities Company. · Roosevelt’s Justice Dept. sued 44 companies for anti-trust violations · Northern Securities vs. US (1902): a railroad company is ruled a monopoly and dissolved by the Supreme Court · TR creates the Dept of Commerce and Labor to regulate business · Bureau of Corporations: regulate interstate businesses · The Elkins Act ended the practice of railroad companies granting shipping rebates to certain companies. The rebates allowed big companies to ship goods for much lower rates than smaller companies could obtain. However, the railroads and big companies were able to undermine the act.
 * TR**

Recognizing that the Elkins Act was not effective, Roosevelt pursued further railroad regulation and undertook one of his greatest domestic reform efforts. The legislation, which became known as the Hepburn Act · TR set aside 150 million acres of public forest; created 53 wildlife reserves, 16 national monuments, 5 new national parks · Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902: irrigation projects for arid regions; reclaimed land sold to settlers at low prices · Antiquities Act of 1906: enabled the president to create national monuments (Grand Canyon)

· Mann-Elkins Act (1910): strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission over railroads and extended its power over telephone and telegraph lines · Prosecuted 90 anti-trust cases (even more than TR) · He was perceived by many reformers and conservationists as too timid. ·
 * · Taft **
 * · Wilson **
 * Created the income tax (only on incomes of $4,000+; top rate was 6% on $500,000!)
 * Federal Reserve Act of 1913: created a central banking system to lend money to banks and provide more stability
 * Federal Trade Commission (1914) :The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 pro hibits unfair methods, acts, and practices of com petition in interstate commerce. It also created the Federal Trade Commission
 * Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.
 * Child Labor Act (1916): banned the sale of products from any factory that employed children under the age of 14, from any mine that employed children under the age of 16, and from any facility that had children under the age of 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours during the day. (declared unconstitutional)
 * Workmen’s compensation for federal employees
 * Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): low interest loans for farmers

** //12.// //Iron Jawed Angels// **
Alice Paul (Hilary Swank) and the women of the 1918 Womens Suffrage movement fight for future generations right to vote and run for office. Sacrificing their health, marriages and the limited amount of freedom they had, women were imprisoned and force fed after picketing and hunger-striking against war-time president, Woodrow Wilson; but survived to see the results of their efforts